Mandip Singh replies: C4I2 systems stand for Command, Control, Communications, Computing, Intelligence and Interoperability. C4I2 systems provide a tactical commander with the state-of-the-art equipment to exercise control and manoeuvre his forces. C4I2 systems are designed to cater to the three critical needs of a commander on the battlefield - latest and updated intelligence, decision aids, and the capability to transmit these decisions to the forces under command.

The basic ingredients are:

• Command - a person who is responsible for conduct of the mission.
• Control – resources placed under the control of the commander.
• Communications – means to transmit decisions, e.g., radio, secure communication transmission networks, VSAT, satellite transponders, etc.
• Computing – use of data, audio and video, with a host of automation equipment like LAN, WAN, photocopiers, fax , telephones, teleprinters, etc.
• Intelligence-gathering of real time information by satellites, air or ground sensors, integrated observation aids, radars, etc.
• Interoperability – use of a common medium between users, e.g., optical fibre, common bandwidth, etc.

The basic challenges to an effective and efficient C4I2 network is survivability, reliability, robustness and cost effectiveness. Its areas of interface or information exchange in the military domain are: joint operations, joint planning, integrated logistics, joint intelligence and joint training.

In a strategic context, a robust and reliable C4I2 system provides a credible deterrence in the event of a nuclear war. This is ensured by positive control of nuclear assets, by providing adequate time for assessment and decision-making, use of discriminate retaliation measures and enhanced capability to manage crisis situations.